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May 22 脑神经随外界声音“打拍子”这是我记录的第三篇关于节律记忆的文章。看来这个问题很有理论研究的价值。
这个月Prof. Y.C. Lai都在,他是非线性动力学和网路领域的专家,可以找他讨论讨论 :)
The Journal of Neuroscience, May 6, 2009, 29(18):6013-6021;
Entrainment of Slow Oscillations of Auditory Thalamic Neurons by Repetitive Sound Stimuli
Slow oscillations at frequencies <1 Hz manifest in many brain regions as discrete transitions between a depolarized up state and a hyperpolarized down state of the neuronal membrane potential. Although up and down states are known to differentially affect sensory-evoked responses, whether and how they are modulated by sensory stimuli are not well understood. In the present study, intracellular recording in anesthetized guinea pigs showed that membrane potentials of nonlemniscal auditory thalamic neurons exhibited spontaneous up/down transitions at random intervals in the range of 2–30 s, which could be entrained to a regular interval by repetitive sound stimuli. After termination of the entraining stimulation (ES), regular up/down transitions persisted for several cycles at the ES interval. Furthermore, the efficacy of weak sound stimuli in triggering the up-to-down transition was potentiated specifically at the ES interval for at least 10 min. Extracellular recordings in the auditory thalamus of unanesthetized guinea pigs also showed entrainment of slow oscillations by rhythmic sound stimuli during slow wave sleep. These results demonstrate a novel form of network plasticity, which could help to retain the information of stimulus interval on the order of seconds.
作者:黄辛 来源:科学时报 发布时间:2009-5-21
脑神经有时仿佛是一位聪明且敏感的音乐家,不仅能掌握自己的节奏和律动,而且还善于“倾听”外界的声音,甚至会随着外界声音“打拍子”。新近一期的国际学术期刊《神经科学杂志》(Journal of Neuroscience)发表了中国科学院上海生命科学研究院神经科学研究所研究员章晓辉课题组的研究结果:“节律的感觉输入调制大脑中神经网络活动的振荡频率”。
他们在研究中发现了大脑神经网络活动中的有趣现象:以秒为时间间隔的外界声音刺激,可“吸引”丘脑中一种频率小于1赫兹的慢波振荡不由自主地跟上它的“拍子”。
大脑中许多功能区呈现不同形式的神经网络振荡活动(oscillatory brain activity),它们反映群体神经元的同步活动以及大脑的不同功能状态。例如,在清醒工作状态下,振荡活动多表现为高频低幅;在睡眠状态下,振荡特征多为低频高幅。这些不同形式的振荡活动分别在大脑处理、传递和整合感觉信息,巩固记忆,以及一些高级认知活动(如注意行为)中发挥重要的作用。其中,调制神经网络活动的振荡特性是实现这些脑功能的可能机制之一。
通过对整体动物的电生理研究,发现丘脑中一种频率小于1Hz的慢波振荡(slow oscillations)的活动节律,可以被声音刺激的节律所调制。时间间隔为秒的节律声音的短时间刺激可以促使丘脑慢波振荡活动的自发频率“跟随”外界声音刺激频率,并且在撤除刺激后,丘脑的自发振荡活动仍能保持声音刺激频率达数个振荡周期(约几十秒)。同时,这种慢波振荡的“跟随效应”也能特异地增强神经元对相同时间间隔的弱声音的反应,这一易化作用则可维持达十几分钟。这些研究发现揭示了一种与感觉输入特征相关的神经网络活动的可塑性,也提示节律刺激对慢波振荡发生频率的调制可能参与编码和短时记忆“秒级”时间间隔信息。 May 12 生物物理的摩西十戒zz from x. zhou's old blog post. (2007)
Ten commandments in systems biology
The 5th European Conference on Complex System is holding in Dresden, Germany now. This is really an emerging research area. The multiple para-sessions themselves show how diverse and multi-disciplined it is. It includes:
* Complex system method * Cognition * Networks * Social system * Biological system Researchers not only from all countries of Europe, but also from US, Canada, Japan ect.. Unfortunately, there are few Chinese researchers. The most inspiring experience of this conference is that the traditional barriers among disciplines are broken down. You can hear the hybrid
system of brain tissue and microelectronic chips, then system biology illustrated using the virtual heart. It was followed by mathematical
model of rhythmic behavior in biological system, and a speaker from HP computer Lab talked about social dynamics in cyberspace,
mentioning the network properties and quality control of Wikipedia etc.
Today's most heated topic is Prof. Denis Nobel's talk about his revolutionary views about system biology. When I talked with several people after his speech, they all called it astonishing. He called his experience as ten commandments in systems biology.
Commandment 1 (C1): Gene itself has no functions. It is actually the cooperation and system of genes lead to the function of living things. C2: Transmission of information is NOT one-way Traditionally we think that gene decide protein -> pathway -> sub-cellular -> cell->tissue-> organ->body. it is totally wrong that we can start with gene, proteins and then build everything. It is doomed to fail. Gene expression is also decided
by the cell culture and proteins to translate them.
There is no magic gene/ genes to cause Cancer, homosexuality, selfishness or high blood pressure. All functions and malfunctions of human being in all level are system properties emerging from the network and interaction of elements.
C3: DNA is not sole transmitter of inheritance It is quite anti-Darwinism and pro-Lamarkism. But there are some scientific evidences for that. More can seen in article: Jane Qiu (2006), Unfinished symphony, Nature, 441, 143-145 C4: Theory of biology Relativity We need to understand the interactions at all level to understand the real functions of living things. We can not unlock nature's myth only from bottom-up strategy. That is, we can not understand the organism only from gene level up to cell level etc. We have to understand it from organ regulating cell or even gene as well.
C5: Gen ontology will fail without high-level insight It is very mis-leading to find the causes of cancer from the selection of genes without clear understanding the physiology of cancer and evolution theory of organs. Gene is called a blueprint of life. It is wrong. Gene is NOT the book of life. If it is the book, it is the book with huge gap which can not be read at all.
C6: There is not “genetic program” gene itself is not a program of life, it is only the database of life. There is NO program written in the gene. The reading of this database come from the cell and protein to transcript and translate them.
C7: There is no program at any other level Life is like a well-coordinated concert but without conductor. Further reading “The art of Gene”, Enrico Coen ( Oxford Univ Press, 1999) C8: No program from any level, including brain C9: Life is the self integrated process, not an object or substance. C10: There are many more to be discovered, the theories of biology do NOT yet exist. Seeking theory/ies is real challenge in system biology. (Denis Biography from Wiki) Denis Noble (born November 16, 1936) is an eminent British biologist who held the Bourdon Sanderson Chair of Cardiovascular Psychology at Oxford University from 1984-2004 and is now Professor Emeritus and co-Director of Computational Physiology. He is one of the pioneers
of Systems Biology and developed the first viable mathematical model of the working heart in 1960[1]. His research focuses on using computer
models of biological organs and organ systems to interpret function from the molecular level to the whole organism. Together with international
collaborators, his team has used supercomputers to create the first virtual organ, the virtual heart.
Noble was educated at Emanuel School and University College London (UCL)[1]. In 1958 he began his investigations into the mechanisms of heartbeat. This led to two seminal papers in Nature in 1960 giving the first proper simulation of the heart. From this work it became clear that there was not a single oscillator which controlled heartbeat, but rather this was an
emergent property of the feedback loops in the various channels. |
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